SS-31 (Elamipretide) – Mitochondria-Targeted Research Peptide

SS-31, also known as Elamipretide, MTP-131 and Bendavia, is an advanced mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide developed for professional laboratory research involving mitochondrial membranes, cardiolipin interactions, cellular bioenergetics and oxidative-stress pathways. Its compact four-amino-acid structure is designed to associate with the inner mitochondrial membrane, where cardiolipin plays an important role in membrane organisation, respiratory-chain activity and cellular energy production. This distinctive mitochondrial research profile makes SS-31 particularly relevant for advanced biochemical, cellular, analytical and comparative peptide studies.

Kluczowe cechy produktu

• Advanced mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide
• Also known as Elamipretide and MTP-131
• Compact four-amino-acid structure
• Relevant for cardiolipin-interaction research
• Suitable for mitochondrial membrane studies
• Useful for cellular bioenergetics research
• Relevant for electron-transport-chain models
• Suitable for oxidative-stress research
• Dostarczany jako liofilizowany materiał badawczy
• Wyczyść informacje o produkcie specyficzne dla danej partii
• Bezpieczne i dyskretne opakowanie
• Szybka i śledzona dostawa na terenie Europy

What Is SS-31?

SS-31 is a synthetic aromatic-cationic tetrapeptide developed as a research tool for investigating mitochondrial structure and function. Its amino-acid sequence is: D-Arg–Dmt–Lys–Phe–NH₂ In this sequence, Dmt represents 2′,6′-dimethyltyrosine. SS-31 is also identified by several alternative names:

• Elamipretide
• MTP-131
• Bendavia
• SS-31 peptide
• Cardiolipin-targeting tetrapeptide

Its compact structure and combination of aromatic and positively charged amino-acid components contribute to its distinctive interaction with mitochondrial membranes.

Mitochondria-Targeted Research

Mitochondria are specialised cellular structures responsible for oxidative metabolism, energy conversion and several important signalling processes. SS-31 is widely studied in relation to the inner mitochondrial membrane rather than one conventional cell-surface receptor. Potential research areas include:

• Mitochondrial membrane organisation
• Inner mitochondrial membrane function
• Mitochondrial targeting
• Membrane-potential-independent peptide localisation
• Cellular respiration
• Mitochondrial stress responses
• Mitochondrial morphology
• Cristae organisation
• Organelle-to-cell communication
• Comparative mitochondrial peptide research

Its ability to associate with mitochondrial membranes makes SS-31 a valuable reference compound for laboratories investigating mitochondrial bioenergetics and membrane biology.

Cardiolipin Research

Cardiolipin is a specialised phospholipid found predominantly within the inner mitochondrial membrane. It contributes to the organisation of mitochondrial cristae and supports the function of proteins associated with the respiratory chain. SS-31 is studied for its interaction with cardiolipin and may be relevant for research involving:

• Peptide–lipid interactions
• Cardiolipin binding
• Cardiolipin organisation
• Inner membrane stability
• Mitochondrial cristae structure
• Membrane curvature
• Phospholipid oxidation
• Cardiolipin–protein interactions
• Cytochrome-c-associated pathways
• Comparative mitochondrial lipid research

The interaction between SS-31 and cardiolipin is one of the principal characteristics distinguishing it from many conventional research peptides.

Mitochondrial Bioenergetics

Mitochondrial bioenergetics describes how cells convert nutrients into usable chemical energy. SS-31 may be used in research involving:

• Mitochondrial respiration
• Oxygen-consumption analysis
• Oxidative phosphorylation
• Cellular ATP-related pathways
• Respiratory-chain efficiency
• Proton-gradient maintenance
• Metabolizm energii komórkowej
• Elastyczność metaboliczna
• Mitochondrial coupling
• Wykorzystanie substratu energetycznego

These research applications allow laboratories to investigate relationships between mitochondrial membrane organisation and cellular energy production.

Electron Transport Chain Research

The mitochondrial electron transport chain contains several protein complexes located within the inner mitochondrial membrane. These complexes transfer electrons and help create the electrochemical gradient needed for ATP synthesis. Potential SS-31 research areas include:

• Respiratory-chain complex organisation
• Electron-transfer efficiency
• Electron leakage
• Supercomplex assembly
• Cytochrome-c electron-carrier activity
• Mitochondrial membrane potential
• Oxygen-consumption rates
• Oxidative phosphorylation
• ATP-synthesis pathways
• Comparative respiratory-chain models

SS-31 may be particularly useful in models examining how cardiolipin organisation influences respiratory-chain function.

Cytochrome-c and Cardiolipin Research

Cytochrome c participates in mitochondrial electron transfer and can interact with cardiolipin within the inner mitochondrial membrane. SS-31 has been investigated in relation to the cardiolipin–cytochrome-c complex. Potential research topics include:

• Cytochrome-c electron transport
• Cardiolipin binding
• Peroxidase-associated activity
• Mitochondrial redox signalling
• Electron-carrier function
• Membrane-protein interactions
• Cytochrome-c localisation
• Mitochondrial stress responses
• Comparative peptide–lipid interaction
• Oxidative membrane models

These pathways remain important areas of mitochondrial and cellular research.

Oxidative-Stress Research

Mitochondria are both producers and targets of reactive oxygen species. Excessive electron leakage from the respiratory chain can contribute to oxidative reactions involving proteins, lipids and mitochondrial DNA. SS-31 may be studied in laboratory models involving:

• Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species
• Electron leakage
• Lipid peroxidation
• Cardiolipin oxidation
• Protein oxidation
• Równowaga redoksowa komórek
• Oxidative-stress responses
• Antioxidant-pathway signalling
• Mitochondrial DNA stress
• Comparative oxidative models

These applications describe experimental research areas and do not represent guaranteed therapeutic effects.

Mitochondrial Membrane-Potential Research

Mitochondrial membrane potential reflects the electrochemical gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. This gradient is closely linked to respiratory-chain activity and ATP-related energy production. Potential research involving SS-31 may examine:

• Mitochondrial membrane potential
• Membrane depolarisation
• Proton-gradient stability
• Mitochondrial permeability
• Calcium-associated mitochondrial stress
• Mitochondrial swelling
• Organelle integrity
• Stress-induced membrane changes
• Cellular-energy disruption
• Comparative mitochondrial assays

Mitochondrial Structure and Cristae Research

Cristae are folds in the inner mitochondrial membrane that increase the available surface area for respiratory-chain proteins. Cardiolipin contributes to the specialised curvature and organisation of these membrane structures. SS-31 may be relevant for research involving:

• Cristae morphology
• Inner membrane curvature
• Mitochondrial ultrastructure
• Mitochondrial fragmentation
• Mitochondrial fusion and fission models
• Membrane remodelling
• Respiratory supercomplex organisation
• Electron microscopy studies
• Organelle structural analysis
• Cellular stress adaptation

Cellular-Stress Research

Mitochondrial function can be influenced by metabolic, oxidative, inflammatory and environmental stress. SS-31 may be studied in controlled models involving:

• Metabolic stress
• Oxidative cellular injury
• Nutrient deprivation
• Hypoxia-associated pathways
• Ischaemia-related laboratory models
• Calcium overload
• Mitochondrial permeability-transition research
• Cellular survival signalling
• Stress-responsive gene expression
• Organelle-quality-control pathways

Results can vary according to cell type, experimental conditions, exposure duration and analytical method.

Skeletal-Muscle Research

Skeletal muscle contains large numbers of mitochondria and requires efficient energy production. SS-31 has therefore attracted research interest in laboratory and clinical models involving:

• Muscle mitochondrial function
• Cellular respiration in muscle tissue
• ATP-related energy production
• Muscle-fibre bioenergetics
• Mitochondrial morphology
• Oxidative muscle metabolism
• Age-related mitochondrial models
• Cellular fatigue pathways
• Cardiolipin-associated muscle research
• Comparative muscle-cell assays

These studies examine mitochondrial mechanisms and should not be presented as guaranteed performance-enhancing effects.

Cardiac Mitochondrial Research

Cardiac muscle depends heavily on mitochondrial energy production. Potential laboratory research applications include:

• Cardiac mitochondrial respiration
• Cardiomyocyte energy metabolism
• Mitochondrial membrane organisation
• Oxidative cardiac stress
• Cardiolipin-associated pathways
• Electron-transport efficiency
• Cellular calcium handling
• Mitochondrial morphology
• Ischaemia and reperfusion models
• Comparative cardiac-cell research

Neurological and Neuronal Models

Neurons require continuous mitochondrial energy production and are sensitive to changes in oxidative balance. SS-31 may be relevant for controlled research involving:

• Neuronal mitochondrial function
• Neural-cell energy metabolism
• Mitochondrial transport within neurons
• Oxidative neuronal stress
• Mitochondrial fragmentation
• Neurite morphology
• Excitotoxicity-associated models
• Neural-cell survival pathways
• Cardiolipin changes in neural tissue
• Comparative neuronal assays

Research findings from cellular and animal models should not automatically be applied to humans.

Renal and Metabolic Research Models

Kidney cells contain numerous mitochondria and rely on efficient oxidative metabolism. SS-31 has been studied in preclinical models involving:

• Renal mitochondrial respiration
• Tubular-cell energy metabolism
• Oxidative kidney stress
• Mitochondrial membrane potential
• Cellular ATP-related pathways
• Mitochondrial permeability
• Calcium-associated stress
• Metabolic kidney models
• Cardiolipin-related signalling
• Comparative renal-cell research

Potencjalne zastosowania badawcze

SS-31 may be relevant for professional laboratory studies involving:

• Mitochondrial membrane biology
• Cardiolipin interactions
• Mitochondrial bioenergetics
• Oxidative phosphorylation
• Electron transport
• Respiratory-chain organisation
• Cytochrome-c-associated pathways
• Oxidative-stress models
• Reactive oxygen species
• Cristae morphology
• Membrane potential
• Mitochondrial permeability
• Cellular ATP-related pathways
• Muscle mitochondrial models
• Cardiac mitochondrial research
• Neuronal mitochondrial models
• Renal mitochondrial research
• Peptide–lipid interactions
• Analityczna charakterystyka peptydów
• Testowanie stabilności i degradacji

The exact experimental conditions, concentrations, controls and analytical procedures should be established by the qualified laboratory conducting the research.

Badania analityczne

SS-31 may be suitable for analytical applications involving:

• Chromatografia cieczowa wysokosprawna
• Chromatografia cieczowa-spektrometria mas
• Potwierdzenie tożsamości peptydu
• Weryfikacja sekwencji aminokwasów
• Ocena czystości
• Analiza masy cząsteczkowej
• Testowanie stabilności
• Profilowanie degradacji
• Lipid-binding assays
• Cardiolipin-interaction studies
• Porównanie materiałów odniesienia
• Rozwój metod analitycznych

Because SS-31 contains D-amino acids and the modified amino acid Dmt, analytical methods should be validated specifically for this peptide.

Specyfikacja produktu

Charakterystyka produktu	Informacja
Nazwa produktu	SS-31
Scientific name	Elamipretide
Alternative names	MTP-131 and Bendavia
Kategoria produktu	Syntetyczny peptyd badawczy
Typ peptydu	Mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide
Długość peptydu	Four amino-acid components
Sekwencja	D-Arg–Dmt–Lys–Phe–NH₂
Primary research interaction	Mitochondrial cardiolipin
Main research areas	Mitochondrial membranes and bioenergetics
Formularz	Liofilizowany materiał badawczy
Prezentacja	Bezpiecznie zamknięta fiolka badawcza
Dokumentacja	Informacje analityczne dotyczące konkretnej partii
Opakowanie	Bezpieczne i dyskretne opakowanie
Przeznaczenie	Badania naukowe, analityczne i laboratoryjne

Format badań liofilizowanych

SS-31 is supplied as a lyophilised research material in a securely sealed vial. Lyophilisation removes moisture and helps support peptide stability during controlled storage and transport. Minor differences in physical appearance may occur because of product quantity, production conditions and residual moisture. Product identity, sequence and analytical quality should be confirmed through the documentation associated with the applicable batch.

Jakość i przejrzystość produktu

Peptides Divas focuses on clear product information, professional handling and batch-level traceability. Available analytical information may include:

• Identyfikacja produktu
• Confirmed peptide sequence
• Numer partii lub serii
• Zgłoszona czystość
• Analiza HPLC
• Dane spektrometrii masowej
• Molecular-weight information
• Informacje testowe
• Wygląd produktu
• Zalecenia dotyczące przechowywania

This provides researchers with clear and traceable product information for the applicable batch.

Informacje o przechowywaniu

Store SS-31 in its original sealed packaging according to the conditions stated on the product label and applicable batch documentation. Protect the research material from:

• Bezpośrednie światło słoneczne
• Nadmierne ciepło
• Wilgoć
• Zanieczyszczenie
• Uszkodzone opakowanie
• Powtarzające się wahania temperatury
• Niepotrzebna ekspozycja na powietrze

The receiving laboratory is responsible for establishing suitable preparation, handling and storage procedures for its specific research protocol.

Why Choose SS-31?

SS-31 provides a highly distinctive molecular profile for advanced mitochondrial and bioenergetic research. Key research advantages include:

• Compact four-amino-acid structure
• Direct relevance to cardiolipin research
• Suitable for inner mitochondrial membrane studies
• Useful for cellular respiration models
• Relevant for oxidative-stress research
• Valuable for peptide–lipid interaction studies
• Suitable for mitochondrial morphology research
• Wygodna liofilizowana postać
• Wyczyść informacje o produkcie specyficzne dla danej partii

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Peptides Divas łączy starannie wyselekcjonowane materiały badawcze z szybką, niezawodną i profesjonalną obsługą. Klienci zyskują:

• Wyraźnie wyświetlane specyfikacje produktu
• Informacje analityczne dotyczące konkretnej partii
• Szybka realizacja zamówień
• Bezpieczne i dyskretne opakowanie
• Opcje śledzenia przesyłki
• Staranne zabezpieczenie fiolki
• Szybka i sprawna obsługa klienta
• Niezawodna dostawa do Europy

Choose SS-31 from Peptides Divas for advanced laboratory research involving mitochondrial cardiolipin, cellular bioenergetics, respiratory-chain function and oxidative-stress pathways. For laboratory research use only. Not intended for human or veterinary use.